LL-37
LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin-derived peptide (37 amino acids), studied in antimicrobial and innate-immunity research models.
We have not published an audit on LL-37. Everything below is reference material, not our own reading of the literature, treat it as a starting point for questions, not as a grade.
How it is thought to work
Host-defense peptide with immune-signaling activity.
LL-37 is a natural human peptide that helps defend the body against germs by punching holes in microbial membranes and by signaling immune cells to respond to infection or injury. It also helps regulate inflammation and supports skin and tissue repair.
Reported side effects
The side effects of LL-37 are not well established; at higher concentrations in lab models it can be irritating or toxic to cells, but a full human safety profile has not been defined.
What sources report
These are figures published elsewhere, reproduced with their source. Peppersite does not recommend an amount for LL-37 or for anything else, and nothing below has been checked against the study it came from.
| Amount | Frequency | Route | Reported by |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 mcg SC daily or every other day | daily or every other day2-4 weeks · Short cycles; reassess | subcutaneous | Commonly published practitioner dosing range - provider confirmation required. |
| 100-200 mcg daily (SC); topical per formulation | Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical)2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off · Repeatable | subcutaneous or oral or topical | Peptide Protocol WikiWhat it saysHide(secondary reference; provider confirmation required). |
- daily or every other day2-4 weeks · Short cycles; reassess
- subcutaneous
- Commonly published practitioner dosing range - provider confirmation required.
- Once daily, 5 days per week (SC); as directed (topical)2-4 weeks, then 2 weeks off · Repeatable
- subcutaneous or oral or topical
- Peptide Protocol Wiki
What it saysHide
(secondary reference; provider confirmation required).
- Commonly 5 mg vials · Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water
- Bacteriostatic water
Sources
- ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- jci.org
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- clinicaltrials.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The reference sections above are imported from our compound knowledge base, which classes the evidence for LL-37 as emerging. That classification is the knowledge base’s, not ours, our own grade appears only where an audit is linked above. Research use only; nothing here is medical advice or a protocol.
Peptide blend of KPV, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, studied for tissue repair, gut, skin, and recovery.
KPV is a tripeptide derived from the C-terminal of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH 11-13), studied in anti-inflammatory and gut-barrier research models.
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in gastric juice. Studied in tissue-repair and regeneration research models.
GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide-1) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex studied in tissue-repair and skin research.
Glutathione is a tripeptide antioxidant central to cellular redox biology research.
Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid synthetic peptide identical to the endogenous thymic peptide, studied in immune-modulation research models.